Gender Is Defined As A System Of Social, Symbolic, And...

According to social scientist Donna J. Haraway, the concept of gender is defined as â€Å"a system of social, symbolic, and psychic relations, in which men and women are differentially positioned.† Based on this definition, it can be understood that gender is a category that can be used to dictate an individual’s status and role in a given community. When European explorers, missionaries, and settlers arrived in North America between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, their preconceived notions about the roles of men and women influenced their encounters and with indigenous North American tribes and vice versa. Each group used their notions of gender as a way to understand and gage the power of the other. This was the case when the Spanish and French encountered the Hasinais in modern-day Texas and Louisiana and when the English encountered the Algonquians in the tidewater regions of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centurie s, both Europeans and Native Americans used their preconceived notions of gender to determine their appearance, their political actions, and their roles and responsibilities within their community. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the Spanish sought to establish permanent settlements along the modern-day Texas and Louisiana border, the region that they deemed the â€Å"Land of the Tejas.† Likewise, the French had numerous trading posts along the Mississippi River and began to build theirShow MoreRelatedObject Relations Theory : A Theory Of Relationships1310 Words   |  6 PagesObject Relations Two Major Assumptions: Object relations theory is a theory of relationships between people particularly within a family believing that humans have a need to connect with others. More so, expressing a belief that we are driven to form relationships with others and that failure to do so successfully leads to later problems. 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Whose apparent goal is the destruction of the capitalist system? The film seems littered with examples of anti consumer, anti capitalist motifs. The blowing up of credit card companies, the vandalising of coffee shops etc etc. But, is there more to the narrative of fight club? Its extreme use of Read MoreA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 PagesA Critical Review of â€Å"The Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-On. Introduction: In Latin America, soccer is not a game; it is a way of life. It is mixed in with politics and nationalism. It defines social classes. How politically influential is soccer in Latin America? It is used by â€Å"various Latin American socio-economic elites in order to retard the acceleration of working class and popular discontent† (Bar-On 1997:1.8). Is itRead MoreCultural Anthropology6441 Words   |  26 PagesThe process of creating and using the art, social functions of art, thoughts, emotion John Chernoff: study of drumming in Ghana, learned to become a drummer, He had to learn about the culture and how drumming fits into it. ART: has a role of socializing children into the culture (teaches you things you should value as a child, relationships, communication of personal and group identity. Legitimize political leaders, political resistance and social change (such as graffiti) and art done duringRead MoreKhasak14018 Words   |  57 Pagesexperience of the art form. Both allow the reader to delve beneath the periphery of the art and gauge his own experiences from it. Literature or art in general, is the indispensable ingredient of any civilization. It is the channel which gives vent to the psychic phenomena lying latent within the layers of one’s mind or, in general, culture, and projects it into a tangible form. Thus mythological and psychological studies are closely interleaved. While the Freudian theories of the personal unconscious dealsRead MoreExam 3 Study Guide Essay4934 Words   |  20 Pagesresponse? How is the fear-potentiated started acquired by rats? 6. What is the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)? How is research done with the IAPS? Emotion has two dimensions, valence (pleasant and unpleasant) and arousal. What kinds of images are associated with dimensions? What are the three primary motive systems, according to Dr. Gewirtz? What is meant by a motive system? IAPS: 800+ pictures with normative ratings of valence (pleasant versus unpleasant) and arousal 7. What isRead MoreEssay on The Gothic Genre and What it Entails6177 Words   |  25 Pageslike Shelleys Ode to the West Wind or The Mask of Anarchy to verify this. The same is true of Romantic Gothic which arose around that unique period in European history posthumously defined by the French Revolution but significant for its trans-European massive cultural and social upheaval indicated in part by repeated rioting in Britain (Lowe, vii) and a widespread clamour for various reforms. Victor Sage writes, English Gothick of the eighteenth century is seen asRead MoreMarriage Guidance: Summary Notes19959 Words   |  80 Pagesin before the relationship began. Introjected expectations bought from family of origin, society and media are unrealistic myths. Expectations about roles and responsibilities → Traditionally- culture defined, prescribed and allocated non-negotiable rules and duties, often according to gender. → Today – more egalitarian relationships exist. Expectations about life events Personal Intentions (PI) → The converse of expectations → Individuals decisions – both deliberate and unconscious, about

The History and Future of Zoos Essay - 2638 Words

Zoos present a certain blend of nature and culture. They have always provided a way to bring natural wildlife and urban Americans together as a means of entertainment. Yet, throughout the years the role of zoos have changed. Though once used for amusement, zoos are now being used for education on preservation and the welfare of endangered species. One may wonder where and how the idea of zoos started and just how they, and the environment around them, have changed throughout history. The concepts of zoos have been around for centuries throughout the world. The earliest known zoo of the pre-modern past was that of Queen Hatshepsut of the Eighteenth dynasty in Egypt in 1400 BC (Graetz). According to the Encyclopedia of world zoos,†¦show more content†¦But these realizations were a great efforts beginning to wildlife management in America. People began to realize that the amount of wildlife that had been present to the early colonies were not inexhaustible (Deal 2). Those early settlers had no idea how abundant wild fauna in the new land or how to utilize it. It took nearly two hundred years for agriculture to get used to American soil and its wildlife. Author Vernon Kisling, of Zoo and aquarium history: ancient animal collections to zoological gardens makes a great statement: â€Å"Cultural institutions, such as zoos, change like the cultures that foster them† (Kisling 163). For modern zoos, they were said to have begun in London in the 1820s with London’s Regent Park Zoo (Graetz). These modern zoos, as well as those in Germany, began to take the place of royal menageries and set examples for the American culture. The first zoo to be built in America was established in Philadelphia in 1874 (Philadelphia zoo). During the time that America was transitioning from an agricultural nation to an industrial one. Before the grand opening of America’s first zoo, people would gather and pay shillings to see animals such as lions and elephants displayed at places like general stores and museums. Though the zoo was prepared to open in 1859 was set back fifteen years due to the Civil War. Finally, In the mid-1850s, a well known Philadelphia physician, Dr. William Camac-the zoos founding father-became involved and ledShow MoreRelatedEssay on Zoos and Animal Rights1063 Words   |  5 Pagesand exciting attraction to visit around our community, a visit to the zoo has always been a memorable experience. This cost effective priceless lifetime experience is being undermined by a group of activists all around the country. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), world largest animal rights organization, argue that zoos deprived animals from satisfying their most basic needs. They urge not to patronized zoos and claims that the money spent on ticket purchases pays for animalsRead More Zoos And Animal Purposes Of Zoos1727 Words   |  7 PagesZoos and similar facilities that publicly exhibit wild animals have existed throughout history, beginning as far back as Ancient Egypt. In the past, animals were kept in small cages and used by rulers to display their wealth and satisfy the curiosity and fascination surrounding wild creatures. Society’s views about zoos have changed. No longer are people willing to view animals pacing nervously back and forth behind bars. Instead, the public has begun to express concern for the welfare of the animalsRead MoreMemorandum of the Case of the Central Park Children’s Zoo Essay880 Words   |  4 Pagesnonprofit organizations to deal with the withdrawal of a major gift. In order to illustrate what ABC Nonprofit should be aware of and how to successfully navigate the complexities that it is facing, I selected the case of the Central Park Children’s Zoo as an example. I suggest that ABC Nonprofit should get to kn ow more about the new major donors before reaching agreements, handle the major gift wisely, and have good relationships with both major donors and individuals or communities that have involvedRead MoreJan Antonina Zabinski : A Family That Defied The Nazis1701 Words   |  7 Pagesattend school in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, from which she graduated at the age of fifteen† (Ackerman 18). Upon returning to Warsaw, Antonina took a position as an archivist at Warsaw’s College of Agriculture, where she met her future husband, Jan. Of the two of them, Jan’s history is more well known. Jan Zabinski was born on April 8, 1897 in Warsaw, Poland. He was the son of a lawyer, and grew up in a poor, Jewish neighborhood. His father, â€Å"†¦was a staunch atheist, and because of that, in 1905, he enrolledRead MoreCloning Endangered Species Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pagesnational emblem, â€Å"on July 4, 1976, the US Fish and Wildlife Service officially listed the bald eagle as a national endangered species† (History of†¦). The representation of the country’s freedom, strength, and beauty lies heavily on this bird; if it were to become an extinct species, what would that say for the United States? There is a very realistic and near-future solution: cloning. The topic of cloning, which has become a part of modern-day society, is a controversial topic because it has becomeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Darwin s Plantation 1365 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation they have read in this book. Readers should not let the past rule the future, but should change the way they treat African Americans to help stop the increasing divide between the black and white race. Rather than acting with hate and bias, all humans need to move forward with love and acceptance to unite the races as one. The first main event I chose was an African American being put on display in a zoo. Years before this actually happened, a man named Samuel Varner bought an AfricanRead MoreThree Disciplines1097 Words   |  5 Pagesresponse and stimulus, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning (Collinshaw amp; Kritzer amp; Warecki, 2011, p. 59, 61, 64, 65). †In the 1870s, zoos became unattended â€Å"laboratories†, especially with the so-called â€Å"ethnological exhibitions† or â€Å"Negro villages†.† (Wikipedia, 2011). The earliest anthropological laboratories were the use of zoos, which is very hard to take seriously, even though it makes sense. Anthropology is the scientific study of the origin, the behaviour, and the physicalRead MoreExotic Animals1518 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2011 Exotic Animals Are More than Just Pets The exotic animal trade is a growing industry in which exotic animals are bred, sold, and traded in massive amounts. Millions of exotic animals are being kept in private residences, small roadside zoos, and traveling wild animal exhibits. Sadly, beautiful and majestic animals are being held captive in unfortunate living conditions. They are being deprived the enrichment and companionship that they require to develop and flourish effectively as ifRead MoreDeath and Time in Slaughterhouse-Five823 Words   |  4 PagesSlaughterhouse-Five We all wish we could travel through time, going back to correct our stupid mistakes or zooming ahead to see the future. In Kurt Vonneguts novel Slaughterhouse-Five, however, time travel does not seem so helpful. Billy Pilgrim, Vonneguts main character, has come unstuck in time. He bounces back and forth between his past, present, and future lives in a roller coaster time trip that proves both senseless and numbing. Examining Billys time traveling, his life on TralfamadoreRead MoreArts And Culture968 Words   |  4 PagesThings to do in Greensboro NC Arts Culture ACC Hall of Champions Celebrate past, present and future conference success through the design and use of sports interactive displays, unique member-school exhibits and multi-purpose program space. Greensboro Coliseum Complex One of the largest and most diversified entertainment, civic and sports facilities in the Southeast. The 22,500 seat complex hosts a variety of events through the year including trade and consumer shows, conventions, arts and

Vaccinations Are Necessary For Our Youth - 1305 Words

In recent news there have been concerns over the controversy of whether or not vaccinations are necessary for our youth. There have been many incidences where certain individuals’ immune systems put them at risk of becoming more ill and this keeps them from receiving their scheduled immunizations. The benefits that these shots provide outweigh the risks for most of the country’s youth. In order to maintain the safety of the public and protect the health of children, the scheduled vaccinations should be maintained by all families throughout our country. This is the only way to lessen the effects of disease and keep our young protected. Since the 1920’s vaccinations have developed rapidly and have saved the lives of many citizen’s in the†¦show more content†¦Developing and distributing these dosages across the country will only reduce the effects of disease even more than they already are. Vaccines work by allowing the body to develop immunity to an y illness without actually having the illness itself. To develop immunity, children are injected with a weak form of the germ that is infecting others, which causes the body to use antibodies to fight back against the germ and creating a stronger immune system. Before distributing any type of vaccinations, a safety license must be acquired from the Food and Drug Administration also known as the FDA. The FDA requires testing to make sure the drug is safe and efficient enough to be used by people of our country. This process takes about ten years before any one is able to use a new drug. Even if the drug was FDA approved, the FDA will take immediate action by taking away the approved license and halting the distribution of the drug that was causing medical side effects. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, there is a recommended vaccination schedule that commences when the child is an infant until the age of eighteen. The vaccinations begin with the Hepatitis B shot as ear ly as one month of infancy. By the age of two, children are given about â€Å"28 immunizations [that fight] against 14 diseases† (Offit). As the years go by, more vaccines are discovered and the immunization schedule gets updated so that all children are up to date with their vaccinations and

Compare and Contrast in Nursing

Question: Choose two children of the Same age, One Development within Normal limits and One with Some Degree of Physical or Cognitive Delay. Compare and Contrast their Development levels linking in with Developmental theories. Answer: Introduction Children have diverse rates/ways of developing. As the brain of a child develops, there are things they learn from the basic abilities such as, recognizing a persons parents to tasks that are complex that are incorporated in mathematics, language and plays that are imaginary. Unfortunately, about 8% of youngsters have an impaired development and can be considered to be having a cognitive delay. (Arlin, 2015)This paper shows the similarities and differences between a child with development within the normal limits and one with some degree of cognitive or physical delay. It also shows us ways in which cognitive delay can be treated and diagnosed as well as a summary of the risk factors. Their levels of development linking with theories of development and evidence available from family and child evidence of health (Brickhard, 2008). The cognitive delay is defined as a lag that is significant in the cognitive development of a child when compared to milestones that have been standardized. It is important to comprehend cognition, which is a process of understanding and acquiring knowledge via our senses, experiences, and thoughts. For a child to suffer delays a standard has to be established against which their development is compared. The standard comes in form of developmental milestones or a frame of time of development during which an individual can expect a child developing within the normal range to gain some kind of abilities.(Broughton, 2009) For instance, using a seven months old youngster. A child at this age, with normal development, should be able to comprehend his or her name when one speaks to them. They will not be able to write, speak or read their name but he or she should be able to acknowledge it in one way or another (be excited by waving the arms or turning to the one speaking). Now, just becau se a youngster at this age does not acknowledge his or her name when they turn 6 months old doesnt mean that their guardians should be alarmed. For each and every developmental milestone theres some room for wiggle, so a young individual may develop such abilities at 4 months or take as long as nine months. However, if he or she is one year and cant recognize his or her name, then its a very strong sign that they are cognitive delayed? Youngsters develop and grow at various rates (Rumaine, 2013). However, most of them go via skills that can be identified set along the path known as developmental milestones. These are skills built on one another to complex from simple predictable periods of time. For instance, an infant must be able to babble single letters at around four to six months before the multiple letters at seven to nine months before three to two sentenced words at eighteen to twenty-four months. Charts of milestone represents a timetable for mastering these skills which act as a guide to the development of a child within the normal range. Keeping in mind that youngsters have different rates of development and that a child can develop faster in one are compared to the other. Children do not develop skills on a timetable thats strict. For instance, some youngsters begin to walk at the age of nine months while some do not take their initial steps until the age of fifteen months. Both of these infants are within the typical range of development. (Biggs, 2012) The types of delays that are short lived when babies catch up by themselves usually cause no concern. But for those with cognitive delay is just more than slower in developing. It only means that your young one is far behind in skills than the rest at his or her age. For instance, a child who is not rolling over by the fourth month might just be behind in that single skill. But if shes not capable of holding her head high and pushing up when lying on his stomach, she is far much behind. That is a sign of delay in development (Scardamalia, 2012). Any child can be affected by cognitive developmental delays, but therere factors that are risky. Gender is one of our greatest concerns with a lesser proportion of females being affected than males. For example, autism affects five times the mens number than women. This can be explained by many conditions of genetics carried by X chromosome. Males have one Y and one X chromosome while the females carry two X chromosomes. With a single X chromosome, the probability of a present abnormality is lesser with females because in female cases there can be a compensation with the 2nd chromosome. (Beilin, 2011)The mothers background can also affect the childs chance of being given birth to with a developmental delay. Under 18 mothers, with fewer education years, and mothers who are not married have a greater chance of giving birth to cognitively delayed children. If a pregnant mother uses alcohol or tobacco, shes putting her kid at a delay risk as well as if not have a prenatal cares that is p roper at her early pregnancy stages. Therere are also factors of risk for a child. Underweight and premature are prone to cognitive developmental delays. Multiple births also have greater delay risks as does any youngster with the abnormality of genetics. (Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome). Its essential to note that these are just factors of risk. A child or mother can have all these factors of risk and a child may even have a completely normal development because developmental cognitive is a wide term. However, parents who may be worried about their child rate of development are advised to seek out for an expert for evaluation. During this evaluation, the expert will test the ability of a child to communicate, their emotional skills of copying, social talents and their ability to solve and identify talents. He or she will also conduct an interview with the childs parents, review the medical history of a child and possibly a standardized examination given to the child.(Krus, 2013) Theres evidence that youngsters with Down syndrome are different from infants developing in the deployment and development of their attentional resources and have known impairments of neurology. For instance, differences in early infancy and in utero have been found, in the infant habituation rate with Down syndrome (Shaidullah, 2012). They also show various visual preference patterns in early stages of infancy (Fantz Miranda, 2013). Correspondingly, when carrying out processing tasks of information, individuals with Down syndrome show differences amplitudes of events of the brain. These differences are likely to be consequences of developmental and structural differences of the cortex and frontal lobes Relying on the diagnosis for what caused the delay in development therere many options of treatment. If theres genetic or medical reason for the delay, then the experts will work with the guardians to generate a plan of treatment to maximize the development of a child. Some young individuals like those with Down syndrome or autism, can develop sets that are remarkable with constant treatment and early intervention.(Gump, 2014) Others with essential medical complications may work hard to develop skills that are far beyond the early stages of infancy. If the delay in development is environmental, like coming from a family that is not stable or a poor background, the progress of development can be aided and monitored by doctors, social services and officials of the school. A youngster with such delays needs treatment in speech form or therapy of language, specialized help in academics or therapy of behavior (Walterss, 2013). Development is age series-associated changes that may occur over the life span course. Most popular psychologists including Freud Sigmund, Erikson- Erik, Piaget Jean and Kohlberg Lawrence describe development as stage series. Stage is time of development where individuals exhibit typical patterns of behavior and establish various capacities. The different theories of stage share two assumptions: individuals go via stages in a certain order, with every building of stage on capacities that had been developed in the initial stage (Bandura, 2011). Understanding the development of a child is important because it permits us to appreciate fully the emotional, cognitive, educational, social and economic growth that young individuals go through into early adulthood from birth. Some of the main theories of the development of a child are called grand theories; they try to describe each development aspect, mostly using the staged approach. Theories of child development aim on explaining ways in which children grow and change over childhood course on different development aspects incorporating cognitive, emotional and social growth. The rest are called mini-theories, they instead aim on a limited development aspect such as social and cognitive growth.(Baldwin, 2015) The following are just few on the many theories of the development of a child that a have been proposed by researchers and theorists. These theories are as follows: The theory of psychoanalytic of the development of a child tends to aim at things like forming the ego. The two basic development theories of psychoanalytic are the theory of Freud Sigmund of the development of psychosis and Erikson-Erik psychosocial development theory. Erik had the belief that every development stage aimed at overcoming conflicts. For instance, the basic conflict during the period of adolescence incorporates establishing a personal sense of identity. Failure or success in handling conflicts at every stage can affect the whole functioning. During the stage of adolescence, for instance, failure for one to develop results of identity in the confusion role. Secondly, behavioral child theories aim at the way interactions in the environment influences conduct and are based on the theorists theory like Pavlov Ivan and Watson John. These theories only deal with behaviors that can be observed. This theory is different from other theories of the development of a child because no considerations are given to internal feelings and thoughts. It instead purely focuses on the way experience shapes them. Theory Cognitive development by theorist Piaget-Jean suggested that youngsters thought differently that adults and then proposed a theory stage of the development of cognitive. He became the first person to note that youngster play roles that are active in gaining world knowledge. Thirdly, the theory of the social development of a child which focuses on the role that caregivers, parents, and peers impact on the development. Some aim on ways the development is influenced by early attachment, while the rest are centered on ways in which youngsters learn by watching individuals in their surroundings. Some of the instances of social theories of the development of a child include theory of attachment, sociocultural and learning theory. As you can see these theories have been developed by famous thinkers of psychology to aid in explaining and exploring child development aspects.(Bosman, 2012) These theories have a significant influence on our comprehending of the development of a child tho ugh not all of them are fully permitted. In the todays society, psychologists usually draw on various perspectives and theories so as to understand ways in which children think, grow and behave. (Segal, 2007) A chart of milestone with evidence- age based can be of value thats tremendous in surveillance, aiding guardians in learning more about the development of a child and teaching those residing on ways to identify atypical and typical development. Traditionally, clinicians are not aware of the time when delays of the milestone are considered because typical ages of attainments of development exist within the range and percentiles that are referenced are lacking on charts available on clinics. The skills of the development of half of the youngsters fall below the 45th percentile, which could lead to guardians concluding falsely that their young one is delayed or reassured falsely when mild to moderate delays are experienced by the child. Clinicians and residents need to be aware of the time to be concerned; therefore, upper range limits have more surveillance utility (Paul, 2007). Use of milestone ages for surveillance of development is a recommendation that is weak based on a high sensitivity of instruments of screening and evidence of low quality for various milestone ages; its expected that detections of the problems present will be missed. High evidence quality for skills of self-care and gross motor at a percentile age of 90 which suggests that they might be of use in delays identification because typical development varies. The judgment of the clinic must be utilized to determine the delays significance in environmental context and interplay with the debt in other sectors to choose on the right action of the clinic. (Quon,2008). Despite the low evidence quality for social-emotional, cognitive and communication ages, utilizing them during the taking of history enhances the understanding of the clinician of the typical development in areas that are less familiar with traditions (Andokon, 1982). As a tool of surveillance, the chart of red flags is expected to enhance the rates of detection. Surveillance is very essential, putting into consideration the economic benefits from investing in the intervention of childhood development. In the meantime, I suggest that clinicians should consider the use of screener when flags with red color are identified, to increase specificity and sensitivity referral thresholds (McCall, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, all clinicians of pediatric should carry out surveillance of development to promote a development thats healthy and identify youngsters who may have problems of development. Surveillance needs comprehending of developmental milestones and trajectories. Milestone ages should be based on the evidence to represent all sectors of development. Therere fewer guidelines available to date in Canada, regarding the utilization of standardized instruments of screening, though these screeners increase the rate of detection of youngsters at risks of disorders of development. Interventions may be initiated before the completion of a diagnostic assessment. (Quaseem,2007) References Andokon, J. (2012). Acquisition of cognitive skill: Psychological Review. Arlin, P. (2015). Cognitive Development in adulthood. A fifth stage developmental psychology. Baldwin. (2015). Mental development in the child and the race . NewYork: Macmillan. Bandura, A. (2009). Analysis of modelling processes. Chicago: Atherton. Beilin, H. (2008). Developmental Stages and developmental process. NewYork: McGraw-Hill. Biggs, J. a. (2007). Evaluating the Quality of Learning : The SOLO Taxonomy (Structure of the Observed Learning outcome). NewYork: Academic Press. Brickhard, M. (2008). The nature of development stages. Human Development. Broughton, J. (2009). Piaget's structural develoment psychology III. Function and the problem of knowledge. C Bosman, D. A. (2012). Anticipatory guidance for cognitive and social-emotional Development. Birth to 5 years :Pediatric Child Health. Gump, B. a. (2014). Big school, Small school. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Krus, B. a. (2013). An ordering theoritic method to determine hierachies among items Educational and Psychological Measurement. McCall, A. a. (2013). Design and Analysis in Developmental psychology. Paul, R. (2007). Language Disorders from Infancy through Adoloescence-Assessment and Intervention. St Louis. Quaseem A, S. S. (2007). Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disesase: a clinical practice guideline from the American college of physicians. Annals of Internal medicine. Quon BS, G. W. (2008). Contemporary management of acute exacerbations of COPD. A systemmatic review of metaanalysis, Chest. Rumaine, B. B. (2013). Logical Reasoning Handbook of Psychology vol.3 . Cognitive Development. NewYork. Scardamalia, M. B. (2012). From conversation to composition: The role of instruction in a developmental process vol2. Hillsdale. Segal E, T. A. (2007). Compliance of osteoporotic patients with different treatment regimens. Isr Med Assoc J. Walterss, R. B. (2009). Social Learning and Personality Development. NewYork: Holt,Rinehant And Wilson.